Human resources professional techniques involve recruitment, selection and placement as a unique ability allocated toward conducting these measures effectively and proficiently. A mature and knowledgeable human resource professional uses up to date legislation, mandated policies and organizational procedures with every action, which is processed. Human resources professionals have a responsibility to uphold the “Equality of Job Candidates” to apply and achieve employment. The human resources professional is responsible for fair and equal employment for all who apply. In order for human resources professionals to conduct fair and equal hiring practices they must have a full understanding of how to “classify” a job description.
Keywords: job description, classification, job factors

Introduction

A job description is a useful, plain-language tool that describes the tasks, duties, functions and responsibilities of a position. It outlines the details of who performs the specific type of work, how that work is to be completed, and the frequency and the purpose of the work as it relates to the company’s mission and goals. Job descriptions are used for a variety of reasons, such as a tool for recruiting, determining salary levels, conducting performance reviews, clarifying missions, establishing titles and pay grades and creating reasonable accommodation controls, as well as for career planning, training exercises and legal requirements for compliance purposes (Grachanen, 2006). A job description gives an employee a very clear and concise resource to be used as a guide for job performance. Likewise, a supervisor can use a job description as a measuring tool to ensure that the employee is meeting job expectations (Office of Personnel Management, OPM)

Step 1: Perform a job analysis

This process of gathering, examining and interpreting data about the job’s tasks will supply accurate information about the job so that a company can perform efficiently (Heneman, 2011).

• Interview employees to find out exactly what tasks are being performed.
• Observe how tasks are performed.
• Have employees fill out questionnaires or worksheets.
• Collect data on jobs from other resources such as salary surveys or the Occupational Outlook Handbook.
• The results should be documented and reviewed by the employee that is currently in the position—and his or her supervisor—for any changes regarding the knowledge, skills, abilities, physical characteristics, environmental factors and credentials/experience of the position:
– Knowledge— Comprehension of a body of information acquired by experience or study
– Skill—a present, observable competence to perform a learned activity.
– Ability—competence to perform an observable behavior or a behavior that results in an observable product.
– Physical characteristics—the physical attributes an employee must have in order to perform the job duties with or without a reasonable accommodation.
– Environmental factors—working conditions (inside or outside the office).
– Credentials/experience—the minimum level of education, experience and certifications acceptable for the position.
(Classifiers Handbook, 1991)
Step 2: Establish the essential functions

Once the performance standard for a particular job has been made, essential functions of the position must be defined.

To establish the performance standard:
• Ensure that the tasks as part of the job function are truly necessary or a requirement in order to perform the job.
• Determine the frequency at which the task is performed or how much time is spent performing a task.
• Determine the consequences of not performing the function and whether this would be detrimental to the company’s operation or result in severe consequences.
• Determine if the tasks can be redesigned or performed in another manner.
• Determine if the tasks can be reassigned to another employee

Once that is completed, the employer can make a determination as to whether the functions are essential or marginal. The use of the term “essential function” should be part of the job description, and it should explicitly state how an individual is to perform the job. This will provide future guidance as to whether the job can be performed with or without accommodation (Classification Standards, 2012).

Step 3: Organize the data concisely

The structure of the job description may vary from company to company; however, all of the job descriptions within a company should be standardized so that they have the same appearance. The following topics should be included:

• Date—when job description was written.
• Job status—exempt or nonexempt under FLSA, full time or part time.
• Position title—name of the position.
• Objective of the position—what the position is supposed to accomplish, how it affects other positions and the organization.
• Supervision received—to whom the person reports.
• Supervisory responsibilities—direct reports, if any, and the level of supervision.
• Job summary—an outline of job responsibilities.
• Essential functions—detailed tasks, duties and responsibilities.
• Competency or position requirements—knowledge, skills and abilities.
• Quality and quantity standards—minimum levels required to meet the job requirements.
• Education and experience—required levels.
• Time spent performing tasks—percentages, if used, should be distributed to equal 100%.
• Physical factors— type of environment associated with job: indoor/outdoor.
• Working conditions—shifts, overtime requirements as needed.
• Unplanned activities—other duties as assigned.

(Wiley, 1999)
Step 4: Add the disclaimer

It is a good idea to add a statement that indicates that the job description is not designed to cover or contain a comprehensive listing of activities, duties or responsibilities that are required of the employee (Heneman, 2011).

Step 5: Add the signature lines

Signatures are an important part of validating the job description. They show that the job description has been approved by all levels of management and that the employee understands the requirements, essential functions and duties of the position. Signatures should include those of the chief operating officer, or highest ranking officer, the supervisor and the employee (Heneman, 2011).

Step 6: Finalize

Draft the job description for upper management review and approval. A draft allows upper management a chance to review, add or subtract any detail before the final job description is used for employees and management.

Once returned from management, the job description should be revamped and reformatted with any changes. It should be sent to management one final time for final approval and signatures (Heneman, 2011). The final job descriptions should be kept in a secure location and copies used for job postings, interviews, accommodation requests, compensation reviews, and performance appraisals. Employers may also wish to post them on the company’s intranet (Weeden, 2012)

References
Classifying White Collar Positions. (n.d.). US Office of Personnel Management.
Retrieved October 30, 2012, from http://www.opm.gov/fedclass/html/gsclass.
Grachanen, C. L. (2006). The Metrology Job Description Initiative. Quality
Progress, 39(1), 85-86.

Government (2012). Introduction to Position Classification . Using
Classification Standards. Lecture conducted from Government, Washington, DC.
Heneman, H. (2011). Staffing organizations. S.l.: Mcgraw Hill Higher Educat.
Narrative Positions Descriptions. (1991). The Classifiers Handbook. US Office of
Personnel Management.

Weeden, K.A. (2002). Why do some occupations pay more than others? Social closure and earnings inequality in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 55-101.
Wiley, C. (1999). The wave of the future: Certification in human resources management. Human Resource Management Review, 2, 157-170.

Author:  Jenice Armstead